As an aside to the recent debate in this space over gay marriage, I had occasion to read the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Something occurred to me. From time to time, Christian advocates attempt to portray the United States as a fundamentally Christian nation, and offer text from the United States Constitution and the Declaration of Independence as proof. For example, the Declaration reads
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. . . .
And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
Note the appeal to "divine Providence." Some people take this, and constructions such as "In the year of our Lord..." as conclusive proof that the USA is at its root a nation established under the auspices of Christian doctrine.
Okay, but I beg to differ.
The Constitution contains far less of the God-talk than the Declaration. This suggests that by the time they got around to the second try at national government, a conscious decision had been made to protect religious pluralism by minimizing the particular Christian-ness of the Constitution. If they'd have done otherwise, we'd probably know:the Constitution is admirably clear about big-picture means, ends, and groundrules, and the Bill of Rights takes care of the rest. Religious pluralism is the first guarantee in the First Amendment.
Besides, a precedent existed if the framers had wanted to use it. If they had really wanted to clearly establish the country on Christian doctrines and grounds, they could have taken a cue from the Massachusetts Constitution, passed in 1780. The original of that document states
Article II. It is the right as well as the duty of all men in society, publicly, and at stated seasons to worship the Supreme Being, the great Creator and Preserver of the universe. And no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience; or for his religious profession or sentiments; provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship. [See Amendments, Arts. XLVI and XLVIII.]
Article III. [As the happiness of a people, and the good order and preservation of civil government, essentially depend upon piety, religion and morality; and as these cannot be generally diffused through a community, but by the institution of the public worship of God, and of public instructions in piety, religion and morality: Therefore, to promote their happiness and to secure the good order and preservation of their government, the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require, and the legislature shall, from time to time, authorize and require, the several towns, parishes, precincts, and other bodies politic, or religious societies, to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the institution of the public worship of God, and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety, religion and morality, in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily.
Instead, the US Constitution makes only one reference to God, "divine Providence," etc...
Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, [big buncha names]. . . .
Big difference. I'm not claiming that the Christian tradition in which the framers of the US Constitution were raised didn't inform their thinking, and I'm not claiming that the United States hasn't been predominantly peopled by Christians since the beginning. But it seems to me that if the United States were established on explicitly (and exclusively) Christian grounds, the US Constitution would read more like the Massachusetts one. It's just not in there.
Not that anyone asked me, or anything.